<appendix id="highlight">
<appendixinfo>
<authorgroup>
<author><personname><firstname></firstname></personname></author>
<!-- TRANS:ROLES_OF_TRANSLATORS -->
</authorgroup>
</appendixinfo>
<title>Working with Syntax Highlighting</title>

<sect1 id="highlight-overview">

<title>Overview</title>

<para>Syntax Highlighting is what makes the editor automatically
display text in different styles/colors, depending on the function of
the string in relation to the purpose of the file.  In program source
code for example, control statements may be rendered bold, while data
types and comments get different colors from the rest of the
text. This greatly enhances the readability of the text, and thus
helps the author to be more efficient and productive.</para>

<mediaobject>
<imageobject><imagedata format="PNG" fileref="highlighted.png"/></imageobject>
<textobject><phrase>A Perl function, rendered with syntax
highlighting.</phrase></textobject>
<caption><para>A Perl function, rendered with syntax highlighting.</para>
</caption>
</mediaobject>

<mediaobject>
<imageobject><imagedata format="PNG" fileref="unhighlighted.png"/></imageobject>
<textobject><phrase>The same Perl function, without
highlighting.</phrase></textobject>
<caption><para>The same Perl function, without highlighting.</para></caption>
</mediaobject>

<para>Of the two examples, which is easiest to read?</para>

<para>&kappname; comes with a flexible, configurable and capable system
for doing syntax highlighting, and the standard distribution provides
definitions for a wide range of programming, scripting and markup
languages and other text file formats. In addition you can
provide your own definitions in simple &XML; files.</para>

<para>&kappname; will automatically detect the right syntax rules when you
open a file, based on the &MIME; Type of the file, determined by its
extension, or, if it has none, the contents. Should you experience a
bad choice, you can manually set the syntax to use from the
<menuchoice><guimenu>Tools</guimenu><guisubmenu>Highlighting
</guisubmenu></menuchoice> menu.</para>

<para>The styles and colors used by each syntax highlight definition
can be configured using the <link
linkend="prefcolors-highlighting-text-styles">Highlighting Text Styles</link> tab of the
<link linkend="config-dialog">Config Dialog</link>, while the &MIME; Types and
file extensions it should be used for are handled by the <link
linkend="pref-open-save-modes-filetypes">Modes &amp; Filetypes</link>
tab.</para>

<note>
<para>Syntax highlighting is there to enhance the readability of
correct text, but you cannot trust it to validate your text. Marking
text for syntax is difficult depending on the format you are using,
and in some cases the authors of the syntax rules will be proud if 98%
of text gets correctly rendered, though most often you need a rare
style to see the incorrect 2%.</para>
</note>

<tip>
<para>You can download updated or additional syntax highlight
definitions from the &kappname; website by clicking the
<guibutton>Download Highlighting Files...</guibutton> button in the <link
linkend="pref-open-save-modes-filetypes">Modes &amp; Filetypes</link> tab of the <link
linkend="config-dialog">Config Dialog</link>.</para>
</tip>

</sect1>

<sect1 id="katehighlight-system">

<title>The &kappname; Syntax Highlight System</title>

<para>This section will discuss the &kappname; syntax highlighting
mechanism in more detail. It is for you if you want to know about
it, or if you want to change or create syntax definitions.</para>

<sect2 id="katehighlight-howitworks">

<title>How it Works</title>

<para>Whenever you open a file, one of the first things the &kappname;
editor does is detect which syntax definition to use for the
file. While reading the text of the file, and while you type away in
it, the syntax highlighting system will analyze the text using the
rules defined by the syntax definition and mark in it where different
contexts and styles begin and end.</para>

<para>When you type in the document, the new text is analyzed and marked on the
fly, so that if you delete a character that is marked as the beginning or end
of a context, the style of surrounding text changes accordingly.</para>

<para>The syntax definitions used by the &kappname; Syntax Highlighting System are
&XML; files, containing
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Rules for detecting the role of text, organized into context blocks</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Keyword lists</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Style Item definitions</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>

<para>When analyzing the text, the detection rules are evaluated in
the order in which they are defined, and if the beginning of the
current string matches a rule, the related context is used. The start
point in the text is moved to the final point at which that rule
matched and a new loop of the rules begins, starting in the context
set by the matched rule.</para>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="highlight-system-rules">
<title>Rules</title>

<para>The detection rules are the heart of the highlighting detection
system. A rule is a string, character or <link
linkend="regular-expressions">regular expression</link> against which
to match the text being analyzed. It contains information about which
style to use for the matching part of the text. It may switch the
working context of the system either to an explicitly mentioned
context or to the previous context used by the text.</para>

<para>Rules are organized in context groups. A context group is used
for main text concepts within the format, for example quoted text
strings or comment blocks in program source code. This ensures that
the highlighting system does not need to loop through all rules when
it is not necessary, and that some character sequences in the text can
be treated differently depending on the current context.
</para>

<para>Contexts may be generated dynamically to allow the usage of instance
specific data in rules.</para>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="highlight-context-styles-keywords">
<title>Context Styles and Keywords</title>

<para>In some programming languages, integer numbers are treated
differently from floating point ones by the compiler (the program that
converts the source code to a binary executable), and there may be
characters having a special meaning within a quoted string. In such
cases, it makes sense to render them differently from the surroundings
so that they are easy to identify while reading the text. So even if
they do not represent special contexts, they may be seen as such by
the syntax highlighting system, so that they can be marked for
different rendering.</para>

<para>A syntax definition may contain as many styles as required to
cover the concepts of the format it is used for.</para>

<para>In many formats, there are lists of words that represent a
specific concept. For example, in programming languages, control
statements are one concept, data type names another, and built in
functions of the language a third. The &kappname; Syntax Highlighting
System can use such lists to detect and mark words in the text to
emphasize concepts of the text formats.</para>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="kate-highlight-system-default-styles">
<title>Default Styles</title>

<para>If you open a C++ source file, a &Java; source file and an
<acronym>HTML</acronym> document in &kappname;, you will see that even
though the formats are different, and thus different words are chosen
for special treatment, the colors used are the same. This is because
&kappname; has a predefined list of Default Styles which are employed by
the individual syntax definitions.</para>

<para>This makes it easy to recognize similar concepts in different
text formats. For example, comments are present in almost any
programming, scripting or markup language, and when they are rendered
using the same style in all languages, you do not have to stop and
think to identify them within the text.</para>

<tip>
<para>All styles in a syntax definition use one of the default
styles. A few syntax definitions use more styles than there are
defaults, so if you use a format often, it may be worth launching the
configuration dialog to see if some concepts use the same
style. For example, there is only one default style for strings, but as
the Perl programming language operates with two types of strings, you
can enhance the highlighting by configuring those to be slightly
different. All <link linkend="kate-highlight-default-styles">available default styles</link>
will be explained later.</para>
</tip>

</sect2>

</sect1>

<sect1 id="katehighlight-xml-format">
<title>The Highlight Definition &XML; Format</title>

<sect2>
<title>Overview</title>

<para>This section is an overview of the Highlight Definition &XML;
format. Based on a small example it will describe the main components
and their meaning and usage. The next section will go into detail with
the highlight detection rules.</para>

<para>The formal definition, also known as the <acronym>DTD</acronym>, is stored
in the file <filename>language.dtd</filename> which should be
installed on your system in the folder
<filename>$<envar>KDEDIR</envar>/share/apps/katepart/syntax</filename>.
</para>

<variablelist>
<title>Main sections of &kappname; Highlight Definition files</title>

<varlistentry>
<term>A highlighting file contains a header that sets the XML version and the doctype:</term>
<listitem>
<programlisting>
&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;UTF-8&quot;?&gt;
&lt;!DOCTYPE language SYSTEM &quot;language.dtd&quot;&gt;
</programlisting>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>The root of the definition file is the element <userinput>language</userinput>.
Available attributes are:</term>

<listitem>
<para>Required attributes:</para>
<para><userinput>name</userinput> sets the name of the language. It appears in the menus and dialogs afterwards.</para>
<para><userinput>section</userinput> specifies the category.</para>
<para><userinput>extensions</userinput> defines file extensions, such as &quot;*.cpp;*.h&quot;</para>

<para>Optional attributes:</para>
<para><userinput>mimetype</userinput> associates files &MIME; type.</para>
<para><userinput>version</userinput> specifies the current version of the definition file.</para>
<para><userinput>kateversion</userinput> specifies the latest supported &kappname; version.</para>
<para><userinput>casesensitive</userinput> defines, whether the keywords are case sensitive or not.</para>
<para><userinput>priority</userinput> is necessary if another highlight definition file uses the same extensions. The higher priority will win.</para>
<para><userinput>author</userinput> contains the name of the author and his email-address.</para>
<para><userinput>license</userinput> contains the license, usually LGPL, Artistic, GPL or others.</para>
<para><userinput>hidden</userinput> defines whether the name should appear in &kappname;'s menus.</para>
<para>So the next line may look like this:</para>
<programlisting>
&lt;language name=&quot;C++&quot; version=&quot;1.00&quot; kateversion=&quot;2.4&quot; section=&quot;Sources&quot; extensions=&quot;*.cpp;*.h&quot; /&gt;
</programlisting>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>


<varlistentry>
<term>Next comes the <userinput>highlighting</userinput> element, which
contains the optional element <userinput>list</userinput> and the required
elements <userinput>contexts</userinput> and <userinput>itemDatas</userinput>.</term>
<listitem>
<para><userinput>list</userinput> elements contain a list of keywords. In
this case the keywords are <emphasis>class</emphasis> and <emphasis>const</emphasis>.
You can add as many lists as you need.</para>
<para>The <userinput>contexts</userinput> element contains all contexts.
The first context is by default the start of the highlighting. There are
two rules in the context <emphasis>Normal Text</emphasis>, which match
the list of keywords with the name <emphasis>somename</emphasis> and a
rule that detects a quote and switches the context to <emphasis>string</emphasis>.
To learn more about rules read the next chapter.</para>
<para>The third part is the <userinput>itemDatas</userinput> element. It
contains all color and font styles needed by the contexts and rules.
In this example, the <userinput>itemData</userinput> <emphasis>Normal Text</emphasis>,
<emphasis>String</emphasis> and <emphasis>Keyword</emphasis> are used.
</para>
<programlisting>
  &lt;highlighting&gt;
    &lt;list name=&quot;somename&quot;&gt;
      &lt;item&gt; class &lt;/item&gt;
      &lt;item&gt; const &lt;/item&gt;
    &lt;/list&gt;
    &lt;contexts&gt;
      &lt;context attribute=&quot;Normal Text&quot; lineEndContext=&quot;#pop&quot; name=&quot;Normal Text&quot; &gt;
        &lt;keyword attribute=&quot;Keyword&quot; context=&quot;#stay&quot; String=&quot;somename&quot; /&gt;
        &lt;DetectChar attribute=&quot;String&quot; context=&quot;string&quot; char=&quot;&amp;quot;&quot; /&gt;
      &lt;/context&gt;
      &lt;context attribute=&quot;String&quot; lineEndContext=&quot;#stay&quot; name=&quot;string&quot; &gt;
        &lt;DetectChar attribute=&quot;String&quot; context=&quot;#pop&quot; char=&quot;&amp;quot;&quot; /&gt;
      &lt;/context&gt;
    &lt;/contexts&gt;
    &lt;itemDatas&gt;
      &lt;itemData name=&quot;Normal Text&quot; defStyleNum=&quot;dsNormal&quot; /&gt;
      &lt;itemData name=&quot;Keyword&quot; defStyleNum=&quot;dsKeyword&quot; /&gt;
      &lt;itemData name=&quot;String&quot; defStyleNum=&quot;dsString&quot; /&gt;
    &lt;/itemDatas&gt;
  &lt;/highlighting&gt;
</programlisting>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>The last part of a highlight definition is the optional
<userinput>general</userinput> section. It may contain information
about keywords, code folding, comments and indentation.</term>

<listitem>
<para>The <userinput>comment</userinput> section defines with what
string a single line comment is introduced. You also can define a
multiline comment using <emphasis>multiLine</emphasis> with the
additional attribute <emphasis>end</emphasis>. This is used if the
user presses the corresponding shortcut for <emphasis>comment/uncomment</emphasis>.</para>
<para>The <userinput>keywords</userinput> section defines whether
keyword lists are case sensitive or not. Other attributes will be
explained later.</para>
<programlisting>
  &lt;general&gt;
    &lt;comments&gt;
      &lt;comment name="singleLine" start="#"/&gt;
    &lt;/comments&gt;
    &lt;keywords casesensitive="1"/&gt;
  &lt;/general&gt;
&lt;/language&gt;
</programlisting>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

</variablelist>


</sect2>

<sect2 id="kate-highlight-sections">
<title>The Sections in Detail</title>
<para>This part will describe all available attributes for contexts,
itemDatas, keywords, comments, code folding and indentation.</para>

<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>The element <userinput>context</userinput> belongs in the group
<userinput>contexts</userinput>. A context itself defines context specific
rules such as what should happen if the highlight system reaches the end of a
line. Available attributes are:</term>


<listitem>
<para><userinput>name</userinput> states the context name. Rules will use this name
to specify the context to switch to if the rule matches.</para>
<para><userinput>lineEndContext</userinput> defines the context the highlight
system switches to if it reaches the end of a line. This may either be a name
of another context, <userinput>#stay</userinput> to not switch the context
(&eg;. do nothing) or <userinput>#pop</userinput> which will cause it to leave this
context. It is possible to use for example <userinput>#pop#pop#pop</userinput>
to pop three times, or even <userinput>#pop#pop!OtherContext</userinput> to pop
two times and switch to the context named <userinput>OtherContext</userinput>.</para>
<para><userinput>lineEmptyContext</userinput> defines the context if an empty
line is encountered. Default: #stay.</para>
<para><userinput>fallthrough</userinput> defines if the highlight system switches
to the context specified in fallthroughContext if no rule matches.
Default: <emphasis>false</emphasis>.</para>
<para><userinput>fallthroughContext</userinput> specifies the next context
if no rule matches.</para>
<para><userinput>dynamic</userinput> if <emphasis>true</emphasis>, the context
remembers strings/placeholders saved by dynamic rules. This is needed for HERE
documents for example. Default: <emphasis>false</emphasis>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>


<varlistentry>
<term>The element <userinput>itemData</userinput> is in the group
<userinput>itemDatas</userinput>. It defines the font style and colors.
So it is possible to define your own styles and colors. However, we
recommend you stick to the default styles if possible so that the user
will always see the same colors used in different languages. Though,
sometimes there is no other way and it is necessary to change color
and font attributes. The attributes name and defStyleNum are required,
the others are optional. Available attributes are:</term>

<listitem>
<para><userinput>name</userinput> sets the name of the itemData.
Contexts and rules will use this name in their attribute
<emphasis>attribute</emphasis> to reference an itemData.</para>
<para><userinput>defStyleNum</userinput> defines which default style to use.
Available default styles are explained in detail later.</para>
<para><userinput>color</userinput> defines a color. Valid formats are
'#rrggbb' or '#rgb'.</para>
<para><userinput>selColor</userinput> defines the selection color.</para>
<para><userinput>italic</userinput> if <emphasis>true</emphasis>, the text will be italic.</para>
<para><userinput>bold</userinput> if <emphasis>true</emphasis>, the text will be bold.</para>
<para><userinput>underline</userinput> if <emphasis>true</emphasis>, the text will be underlined.</para>
<para><userinput>strikeout</userinput> if <emphasis>true</emphasis>, the text will be struck out.</para>
<para><userinput>spellChecking</userinput> if <emphasis>true</emphasis>, the text will be spellchecked.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>


<varlistentry>
<term>The element <userinput>keywords</userinput> in the group
<userinput>general</userinput> defines keyword properties. Available attributes are:</term>

<listitem>
<para><userinput>casesensitive</userinput> may be <emphasis>true</emphasis>
or <emphasis>false</emphasis>. If <emphasis>true</emphasis>, all keywords
are matched case sensitively.</para>
<para><userinput>weakDeliminator</userinput> is a list of characters that
do not act as word delimiters. For example, the dot <userinput>'.'</userinput>
is a word delimiter. Assume a keyword in a <userinput>list</userinput> contains
a dot, it will only match if you specify the dot as a weak delimiter.</para>
<para><userinput>additionalDeliminator</userinput> defines additional delimiters.</para>
<para><userinput>wordWrapDeliminator</userinput> defines characters after which a
line wrap may occur.</para>
<para>Default delimiters and word wrap delimiters are the characters
<userinput>.():!+,-&lt;=&gt;%&amp;*/;?[]^{|}~\</userinput>, space (<userinput>' '</userinput>)
and tabulator (<userinput>'\t'</userinput>).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>


<varlistentry>
<term>The element <userinput>comment</userinput> in the group
<userinput>comments</userinput> defines comment properties which are used
for <menuchoice><guimenu>Tools</guimenu><guimenuitem>Comment</guimenuitem></menuchoice> and
<menuchoice><guimenu>Tools</guimenu><guimenuitem>Uncomment</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
Available attributes are:</term>

<listitem>
<para><userinput>name</userinput> is either <emphasis>singleLine</emphasis>
or <emphasis>multiLine</emphasis>. If you choose <emphasis>multiLine</emphasis>
the attributes <emphasis>end</emphasis> and <emphasis>region</emphasis> are
required.</para>
<para><userinput>start</userinput> defines the string used to start a comment.
In C++ this would be &quot;/*&quot;.</para>
<para><userinput>end</userinput> defines the string used to close a comment.
In C++ this would be &quot;*/&quot;.</para>
<para><userinput>region</userinput> should be the name of the foldable
multiline comment. Assume you have <emphasis>beginRegion="Comment"</emphasis>
... <emphasis>endRegion="Comment"</emphasis> in your rules, you should use
<emphasis>region="Comment"</emphasis>. This way uncomment works even if you
do not select all the text of the multiline comment. The cursor only must be
in the multiline comment.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>


<varlistentry>
<term>The element <userinput>folding</userinput> in the group
<userinput>general</userinput> defines code folding properties.
Available attributes are:</term>

<listitem>
<para><userinput>indentationsensitive</userinput> if <emphasis>true</emphasis>, the code folding markers
will be added indentation based, as in the scripting language Python. Usually you
do not need to set it, as it defaults to <emphasis>false</emphasis>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>


<varlistentry>
<term>The element <userinput>indentation</userinput> in the group
<userinput>general</userinput> defines which indenter will be used. However, we strongly
recommend you omit this element, as the indenter usually will be set by either defining
a File Type or by adding a mode line to the text file. If you specify an indenter though,
you will force a specific indentation on the user, which he might not like at all.
Available attributes are:</term>

<listitem>
<para><userinput>mode</userinput> is the name of the indenter. Available indenters
right now are: <emphasis>normal, cstyle, haskell, lilypond, lisp, python, ruby</emphasis>
and <emphasis>xml</emphasis>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>


</variablelist>


</sect2>

<sect2 id="kate-highlight-default-styles">
<title>Available Default Styles</title>
<para>Default Styles were <link linkend="kate-highlight-system-default-styles">already explained</link>,
as a short summary: Default styles are predefined font and color styles.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>So here are only the list of available default styles:</term>
<listitem>
<para><userinput>dsNormal</userinput>, used for normal text.</para>
<para><userinput>dsKeyword</userinput>, used for keywords.</para>
<para><userinput>dsDataType</userinput>, used for data types.</para>
<para><userinput>dsDecVal</userinput>, used for decimal values.</para>
<para><userinput>dsBaseN</userinput>, used for values with a base other than 10.</para>
<para><userinput>dsFloat</userinput>, used for float values.</para>
<para><userinput>dsChar</userinput>, used for a character.</para>
<para><userinput>dsString</userinput>, used for strings.</para>
<para><userinput>dsComment</userinput>, used for comments.</para>
<para><userinput>dsOthers</userinput>, used for 'other' things.</para>
<para><userinput>dsAlert</userinput>, used for warning messages.</para>
<para><userinput>dsFunction</userinput>, used for function calls.</para>
<para><userinput>dsRegionMarker</userinput>, used for region markers.</para>
<para><userinput>dsError</userinput>, used for error highlighting and wrong syntax.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>

</sect2>

</sect1>

<sect1 id="kate-highlight-rules-detailled">
<title>Highlight Detection Rules</title>

<para>This section describes the syntax detection rules.</para>

<para>Each rule can match zero or more characters at the beginning of
the string they are tested against. If the rule matches, the matching
characters are assigned the style or <emphasis>attribute</emphasis>
defined by the rule, and a rule may ask that the current context is
switched.</para>

<para>A rule looks like this:</para>

<programlisting>&lt;RuleName attribute=&quot;(identifier)&quot; context=&quot;(identifier)&quot; [rule specific attributes] /&gt;</programlisting>

<para>The <emphasis>attribute</emphasis> identifies the style to use
for matched characters by name, and the <emphasis>context</emphasis>
identifies the context to use from here.</para>

<para>The <emphasis>context</emphasis> can be identified by:</para>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>An <emphasis>identifier</emphasis>, which is the name of the other
context.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>An <emphasis>order</emphasis> telling the engine to stay in the
current context (<userinput>#stay</userinput>), or to pop back to a
previous context used in the string (<userinput>#pop</userinput>).</para>
<para>To go back more steps, the #pop keyword can be repeated:
<userinput>#pop#pop#pop</userinput></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>An <emphasis>order</emphasis> followed by an exclamation mark
(<emphasis>!</emphasis>) and an <emphasis>identifier</emphasis>, which
will make the engine first follow the order and then switch to the
other context, e.g. <userinput>#pop#pop!OtherContext</userinput>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<para>Some rules can have <emphasis>child rules</emphasis> which are
then evaluated only if the parent rule matched. The entire matched
string will be given the attribute defined by the parent rule. A rule
with child rules looks like this:</para>

<programlisting>
&lt;RuleName (attributes)&gt;
  &lt;ChildRuleName (attributes) /&gt;
  ...
&lt;/RuleName&gt;
</programlisting>


<para>Rule specific attributes varies and are described in the
following sections.</para>


<itemizedlist>
<title>Common attributes</title>
<para>All rules have the following attributes in common and are
available whenever <userinput>(common attributes)</userinput> appears.
<emphasis>attribute</emphasis> and <emphasis>context</emphasis>
are required attributes, all others are optional.
</para>

<listitem>
<para><emphasis>attribute</emphasis>: An attribute maps to a defined <emphasis>itemData</emphasis>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>context</emphasis>: Specify the context to which the highlighting system switches if the rule matches.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>beginRegion</emphasis>: Start a code folding block. Default: unset.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>endRegion</emphasis>: Close a code folding block. Default: unset.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>lookAhead</emphasis>: If <emphasis>true</emphasis>, the
highlighting system will not process the matches length.
Default: <emphasis>false</emphasis>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>firstNonSpace</emphasis>: Match only, if the string is
the first non-whitespace in the line. Default: <emphasis>false</emphasis>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>column</emphasis>: Match only, if the column matches. Default: unset.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<itemizedlist>
<title>Dynamic rules</title>
<para>Some rules allow the optional attribute <userinput>dynamic</userinput>
of type boolean that defaults to <emphasis>false</emphasis>. If dynamic is
<emphasis>true</emphasis>, a rule can use placeholders representing the text
matched by a <emphasis>regular expression</emphasis> rule that switched to the
current context in its <userinput>string</userinput> or
<userinput>char</userinput> attributes. In a <userinput>string</userinput>,
the placeholder <replaceable>%N</replaceable> (where N is a number) will be
replaced with the corresponding capture <replaceable>N</replaceable>
from the calling regular expression. In a
<userinput>char</userinput> the placeholder must be a number
<replaceable>N</replaceable> and it will be replaced with the first character of
the corresponding capture <replaceable>N</replaceable> from the calling regular
expression. Whenever a rule allows this attribute it will contain a
<emphasis>(dynamic)</emphasis>.</para>

<listitem>
<para><emphasis>dynamic</emphasis>: may be <emphasis>(true|false)</emphasis>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<sect2 id="highlighting-rules-in-detail">
<title>The Rules in Detail</title>

<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>DetectChar</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect a single specific character. Commonly used for example to
find the ends of quoted strings.</para>
<programlisting>&lt;DetectChar char=&quot;(character)&quot; (common attributes) (dynamic) /&gt;</programlisting>
<para>The <userinput>char</userinput> attribute defines the character
to match.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>Detect2Chars</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect two specific characters in a defined order.</para>
<programlisting>&lt;Detect2Chars char=&quot;(character)&quot; char1=&quot;(character)&quot; (common attributes) (dynamic) /&gt;</programlisting>
<para>The <userinput>char</userinput> attribute defines the first character to match,
<userinput>char1</userinput> the second.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>AnyChar</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect one character of a set of specified characters.</para>
<programlisting>&lt;AnyChar String=&quot;(string)&quot; (common attributes) /&gt;</programlisting>
<para>The <userinput>String</userinput> attribute defines the set of
characters.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>StringDetect</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect an exact string.</para>
<programlisting>&lt;StringDetect String=&quot;(string)&quot; [insensitive=&quot;true|false&quot;] (common attributes) (dynamic) /&gt;</programlisting>
<para>The <userinput>String</userinput> attribute defines the string
to match. The <userinput>insensitive</userinput> attribute defaults to
<emphasis>false</emphasis> and is passed to the string comparison
function. If the value is <emphasis>true</emphasis> insensitive
comparing is used.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>WordDetect</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect an exact string but additionally require word boundaries
such as a dot <userinput>'.'</userinput> or a whitespace on the beginning
and the end of the word. Think of <userinput>\b&lt;string&gt;\b</userinput>
in terms of a regular expression, but it is faster than the rule <userinput>RegExpr</userinput>.</para>
<programlisting>&lt;WordDetect String=&quot;(string)&quot; [insensitive=&quot;true|false&quot;] (common attributes) (dynamic) /&gt;</programlisting>
<para>The <userinput>String</userinput> attribute defines the string
to match. The <userinput>insensitive</userinput> attribute defaults to
<emphasis>false</emphasis> and is passed to the string comparison
function. If the value is <emphasis>true</emphasis> insensitive
comparing is used.</para>
<para>Since: &kate; 3.5 (&kde; 4.5)</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>RegExpr</term>
<listitem>
<para>Matches against a regular expression.</para>
<programlisting>&lt;RegExpr String=&quot;(string)&quot; [insensitive=&quot;true|false&quot;] [minimal=&quot;true|false&quot;] (common attributes) (dynamic) /&gt;</programlisting>
<para>The <userinput>String</userinput> attribute defines the regular
expression.</para>
<para><userinput>insensitive</userinput> defaults to
<emphasis>false</emphasis> and is passed to the regular expression
engine.</para>
<para><userinput>minimal</userinput> defaults to
<emphasis>false</emphasis> and is passed to the regular expression
engine.</para>
<para>Because the rules are always matched against the beginning of
the current string, a regular expression starting with a caret
(<literal>^</literal>) indicates that the rule should only be
matched against the start of a line.</para>
<para>See <link linkend="regular-expressions">Regular Expressions</link>
for more information on those.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>keyword</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect a keyword from a specified list.</para>
<programlisting>&lt;keyword String=&quot;(list name)&quot; (common attributes) /&gt;</programlisting>
<para>The <userinput>String</userinput> attribute identifies the
keyword list by name. A list with that name must exist.</para>
<para>The highlighting system processes keyword rules in a very optimized way.
This makes it an absolute necessity that any keywords to be matched need to be
surrounded by defined delimiters, either implied (the default delimiters),
or explicitly specified within the <emphasis>additionalDeliminator</emphasis>
property of the <emphasis>keywords</emphasis> tag.</para>
<para>If a keyword to be matched shall contain a delimiter character, this
respective character must be added to the <emphasis>weakDeliminator</emphasis>
property of the <emphasis>keywords</emphasis> tag.  This character will then
loose its delimiter property in all <emphasis>keyword</emphasis> rules.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>Int</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect an integer number.</para>
<para><programlisting>&lt;Int (common attributes) (dynamic) /&gt;</programlisting></para>
<para>This rule has no specific attributes. Child rules are typically
used to detect combinations of <userinput>L</userinput> and
<userinput>U</userinput> after the number, indicating the integer type
in program code. Actually all rules are allowed as child rules, though,
the <acronym>DTD</acronym> only allows the child rule <userinput>StringDetect</userinput>.</para>
<para>The following example matches integer numbers follows by the character 'L'.
<programlisting>
&lt;Int attribute="Decimal" context="#stay" &gt;
  &lt;StringDetect attribute="Decimal" context="#stay" String="L" insensitive="true"/&gt;
&lt;/Int&gt;
</programlisting></para>

</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>Float</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect a floating point number.</para>
<para><programlisting>&lt;Float (common attributes) /&gt;</programlisting></para>
<para>This rule has no specific attributes. <userinput>AnyChar</userinput> is
allowed as a child rule and typically used to detect combinations, see rule
<userinput>Int</userinput> for reference.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>HlCOct</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect an octal point number representation.</para>
<para><programlisting>&lt;HlCOct (common attributes) /&gt;</programlisting></para>
<para>This rule has no specific attributes.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>HlCHex</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect a hexadecimal number representation.</para>
<para><programlisting>&lt;HlCHex (common attributes) /&gt;</programlisting></para>
<para>This rule has no specific attributes.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>HlCStringChar</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect an escaped character.</para>
<para><programlisting>&lt;HlCStringChar (common attributes) /&gt;</programlisting></para>
<para>This rule has no specific attributes.</para>

<para>It matches literal representations of characters commonly used in
program code, for example <userinput>\n</userinput>
(newline) or <userinput>\t</userinput> (TAB).</para>

<para>The following characters will match if they follow a backslash
(<literal>\</literal>):
<userinput>abefnrtv&quot;'?\</userinput>. Additionally, escaped
hexadecimal numbers such as for example <userinput>\xff</userinput> and
escaped octal numbers, for example <userinput>\033</userinput> will
match.</para>

</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>HlCChar</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect an C character.</para>
<para><programlisting>&lt;HlCChar (common attributes) /&gt;</programlisting></para>
<para>This rule has no specific attributes.</para>

<para>It matches C characters enclosed in a tick (Example: <userinput>'c'</userinput>).
The ticks may be a simple character or an escaped character.
See HlCStringChar for matched escaped character sequences.</para>

</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>RangeDetect</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect a string with defined start and end characters.</para>
<programlisting>&lt;RangeDetect char=&quot;(character)&quot;  char1=&quot;(character)&quot; (common attributes) /&gt;</programlisting>
<para><userinput>char</userinput> defines the character starting the range,
<userinput>char1</userinput> the character ending the range.</para>
<para>Useful to detect for example small quoted strings and the like, but
note that since the highlighting engine works on one line at a time, this
will not find strings spanning over a line break.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>LineContinue</term>
<listitem>
<para>Matches a specified char at the end of a line.</para>
<programlisting>&lt;LineContinue (common attributes) [char="\"] /&gt;</programlisting>
<para><userinput>char</userinput> optional character to match, default is backslash (<userinput>'\'</userinput>). New since &kde; 4.13.</para>
<para>This rule is useful for switching context at end of line. This is needed for
example in C/C++ to continue macros or strings.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>IncludeRules</term>
<listitem>
<para>Include rules from another context or language/file.</para>
<programlisting>&lt;IncludeRules context=&quot;contextlink&quot; [includeAttrib=&quot;true|false&quot;] /&gt;</programlisting>

<para>The <userinput>context</userinput> attribute defines which context to include.</para>
<para>If it is a simple string it includes all defined rules into the current context, example:
<programlisting>&lt;IncludeRules context=&quot;anotherContext&quot; /&gt;</programlisting></para>

<para>
If the string contains a <userinput>##</userinput> the highlight system
will look for a context from another language definition with the given name,
for example
<programlisting>&lt;IncludeRules context=&quot;String##C++&quot; /&gt;</programlisting>
would include the context <emphasis>String</emphasis> from the <emphasis>C++</emphasis>
highlighting definition.</para>
<para>If <userinput>includeAttrib</userinput> attribute is
<emphasis>true</emphasis>, change the destination attribute to the one of
the source. This is required to make, for example, commenting work, if text
matched by the included context is a different highlight from the host
context.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>


<varlistentry>
<term>DetectSpaces</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect whitespaces.</para>
<programlisting>&lt;DetectSpaces (common attributes) /&gt;</programlisting>

<para>This rule has no specific attributes.</para>
<para>Use this rule if you know that there can be several whitespaces ahead,
for example in the beginning of indented lines. This rule will skip all
whitespace at once, instead of testing multiple rules and skipping one at a
time due to no match.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>


<varlistentry>
<term>DetectIdentifier</term>
<listitem>
<para>Detect identifier strings (as a regular expression: [a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*).</para>
<programlisting>&lt;DetectIdentifier (common attributes) /&gt;</programlisting>

<para>This rule has no specific attributes.</para>
<para>Use this rule to skip a string of word characters at once, rather than
testing with multiple rules and skipping one at a time due to no match.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

</variablelist>
</sect2>

<sect2>
<title>Tips &amp; Tricks</title>

<itemizedlist>
<para>Once you have understood how the context switching works it will be
easy to write highlight definitions. Though you should carefully check what
rule you choose in what situation. Regular expressions are very mighty, but
they are slow compared to the other rules. So you may consider the following
tips.
</para>

<listitem>
<para>If you only match two characters use <userinput>Detect2Chars</userinput>
instead of <userinput>StringDetect</userinput>. The same applies to
<userinput>DetectChar</userinput>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Regular expressions are easy to use but often there is another much
faster way to achieve the same result. Consider you only want to match
the character <userinput>'#'</userinput> if it is the first character in the
line. A regular expression based solution would look like this:
<programlisting>&lt;RegExpr attribute=&quot;Macro&quot; context=&quot;macro&quot; String=&quot;^\s*#&quot; /&gt;</programlisting>
You can achieve the same much faster in using:
<programlisting>&lt;DetectChar attribute=&quot;Macro&quot; context=&quot;macro&quot; char=&quot;#&quot; firstNonSpace=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;</programlisting>
If you want to match the regular expression <userinput>'^#'</userinput> you
can still use <userinput>DetectChar</userinput> with the attribute <userinput>column=&quot;0&quot;</userinput>.
The attribute <userinput>column</userinput> counts characters, so a tabulator is only one character.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>You can switch contexts without processing characters. Assume that you
want to switch context when you meet the string <userinput>*/</userinput>, but
need to process that string in the next context. The below rule will match, and
the <userinput>lookAhead</userinput> attribute will cause the highlighter to
keep the matched string for the next context.
<programlisting>&lt;Detect2Chars attribute=&quot;Comment&quot; context=&quot;#pop&quot; char=&quot;*&quot; char1=&quot;/&quot; lookAhead=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;</programlisting>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use <userinput>DetectSpaces</userinput> if you know that many whitespaces occur.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use <userinput>DetectIdentifier</userinput> instead of the regular expression <userinput>'[a-zA-Z_]\w*'</userinput>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use default styles whenever you can. This way the user will find a familiar environment.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Look into other XML-files to see how other people implement tricky rules.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>You can validate every XML file by using the command
<command>xmllint --dtdvalid language.dtd mySyntax.xml</command>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you repeat complex regular expression very often you can use
<emphasis>ENTITIES</emphasis>. Example:</para>
<programlisting>
&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?&gt;
&lt;!DOCTYPE language SYSTEM "language.dtd"
[
        &lt;!ENTITY myref    "[A-Za-z_:][\w.:_-]*"&gt;
]&gt;
</programlisting>
<para>Now you can use <emphasis>&amp;myref;</emphasis> instead of the regular
expression.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>

</sect1>

</appendix>
